Computer Free Learning

 Facebook, founded by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004, is a prominent social media platform that has revolutionized the way people connect, share, and communicate online. With over a billion active users globally, Facebook has become an integral part of modern digital culture. Here are some key aspects to consider: 1. **Social Networking**: Facebook is primarily a social networking platform, allowing users to create profiles, connect with friends, family, and colleagues, and share updates, photos, videos, and more. It enables users to maintain virtual connections and stay updated about each other's lives. 2. **News Feed**: The central feature of Facebook is the News Feed, where users see a stream of content from their friends, pages they follow, and groups they're a part of. This includes status updates, photos, links, and videos. 3. **Profile**: Users create profiles that represent their identity on the platform. Profiles include personal information, a profile picture, and a timeline...

ChatGPT is a revolutionary language model developed by OpenAI, built on the GPT-3.5 architecture. It represents a significant advancement in natural language processing and human-computer interaction. ChatGPT is designed to engage in dynamic and contextually relevant conversations with users, making it a versatile tool for a wide range of applications. At its core, ChatGPT is trained on a diverse dataset that includes a vast amount of text from books, websites, articles, and other sources. This extensive training enables it to understand and generate human-like text, making it capable of responding to a multitude of prompts and questions. The model has a "knowledge cutoff," which means it's not aware of events or developments that have occurred after its last training data update, in this case, September 2021. ChatGPT's architecture is based on a transformer model, which allows it to process and generate text in a highly coherent and contextually appropriate manner. I...

Android development refers to the process of creating applications for devices that run on the Android operating system. Android is an open-source mobile operating system developed by Google, and it powers a majority of smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and other devices. Android apps can be developed using various programming languages and tools, but the most common approach involves using Java or Kotlin programming languages in combination with the Android Studio Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Key Components of Android Development: 1. Activities: An Activity represents a single screen with a user interface. Android apps are composed of one or more activities, and users navigate between them. 2. Fragments: Fragments are smaller modular components that can be combined within an Activity to create a flexible UI design, particularly useful for tablets and larger screens. 3. Views and Layouts: Views are the building blocks of the UI, representing buttons, text fields, images, et...

System analysis and design is a critical phase in the development of software systems. It involves a structured approach to understanding, defining, and designing solutions to meet business needs or address problems. This process ensures that the resulting system is efficient, effective, and aligned with user requirements. Let's delve into the key components and stages of system analysis and design:  1. System Analysis: Understanding Requirements and Problems In this stage, system analysts gather and analyze information to understand the current system or business processes, identify problems, and determine user needs. The goal is to define the scope and objectives of the project.  Requirements Gathering:  Analysts interact with stakeholders to gather requirements, including functional, non-functional, and user-specific needs. Interviews, surveys, observations, and workshops are used to collect detailed information. Problem Identification:  Existing problems, ineffic...

An operating system (OS) is a software layer that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and user-level applications. It manages and coordinates hardware resources, provides an environment for software execution, and offers various services to both users and applications. Let's delve into the key components and functions of an operating system:  1. Kernel:  The Core Component The kernel is the heart of the operating system. It manages hardware resources, enforces security, and provides essential services. It consists of several core components: - Process Management:The kernel manages processes, which are instances of running programs. It schedules processes, allocates CPU time, and facilitates inter-process communication.   - Memory Management:The OS handles memory allocation and deallocation, ensuring efficient use of available memory. It creates a virtual memory space, allowing processes to access memory addresses that may not correspond directly to phy...

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a problem or performing a specific task. Algorithm analysis involves evaluating the efficiency and performance of algorithms, particularly in terms of their time and space complexities.  These complexities provide insights into how an algorithm's runtime and memory requirements grow as the input size increases.  Time Complexity: Time complexity measures the amount of time an algorithm takes to run as a function of the input size. It helps us understand how the algorithm's performance scales with larger inputs. Common notations used to express time complexity include Big O, Big Theta, and Big Omega. - Big O Notation (O()): It represents the upper bound on an algorithm's runtime.  For an algorithm with time complexity O(f(n)), the runtime won't exceed a constant multiple of f(n) for large inputs. -Big Omega Notation (Ω()): It represents the lower bound on an algorithm's runtime.  For an algorithm w...

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a paradigm that revolutionized the way software is designed, developed, and maintained.  It is built on the fundamental concept of "objects," which encapsulate both data and the methods (functions) that operate on that data. OOP offers a structured approach to software development by modeling real-world entities as objects, allowing for more organized, modular, and scalable codebases. At its core, OOP is guided by four key principles: encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism.   1. Encapsulation: Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data and the methods that manipulate that data into a single unit, known as a class. This concept promotes information hiding, as the internal workings of an object are concealed from external entities, enhancing data security and reducing the risk of unintended interference.   2. Abstraction: Abstraction involves simplifying complex reality by modeling classes based on their e...

Computer architecture deals with the functional behaviour of a computer system as viewed by a programmer. It can also be described as the logical structure of the system unit that housed electronic components. The computer architecture forms the backbone for building successful computer systems. The first computer architecture was introduced in 1970. Components of Computer A computer consists of following three main components 1. Input/Output (I/O) Unit  2. Central Processing Unit 3. Memory Unit Note System unit is a metal or plastic case that holds all the physical parts of the computer. The components that process data are located in it. Input Unit The computer accepts coded information through input unit by the user. It is a device that is used to give required information to the computer. e.g.Keyboard, mouse, etc. An input unit performs the following functions (i) It accepts the instructions and data from the user. (ii) It converts these instructions and data in computer in acc...

Digital computer systems consist of three distinct units. These units are as follows: Input unit Central Processing unit Output unit these units are interconnected by electrical cables to permit communication between them. This allows the computer to function as a system. Input Unit A computer must receive both data and program statements to function properly and be able to solve problems. The method of feeding data and programs to a computer is accomplished by an input device. Computer input devices read data from a source, such as magnetic disks, and translate that data into electronic impulses for transfer into the CPU.  Some typical input devices are a keyboard, a mouse, or a scanner. Central Processing Unit The brain of a computer system is the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU processes data transferred to it from one of the various input devices. It then transfers either an intermediate or final result of the CPU to one or more output devices. A central control section ...

The word generation is usually associated with the stage of computer development with a particular sort of technological innovation. Each innovation makes available certain techniques which were not available in the past. Computers were thus classified based on generations. 1. FIRST GENERATION (1946 - 1959) known as  VACUUM TUBE generation The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were large in size, occupied a lot of space and produced enormous heat.They were very expensive to operate and consumed large amount of electricity. Sometimes the heat generated caused the computer to malfunction. First generation computers operated only on machine language. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. First generation computers could solve only one problem at a time. The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) and the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC) are classic exam...

The word hacker is usually synonymous with someone attacking a computer or computer network for malicious or selfish reasons, but that is not always the case. Now that we have established what a hacker does, we can classify them into eight based on the  following actions. 1. White Hat (Ethical) Hacker The term white hat is used to refer to someone who hacks into a computer system or network for intentions that are not malafide. They may do as a part of a series of tests performed to check the efficacy of their security systems or as a part of research and development that is carried out by companies that manufacture computer security software. Also known as ethical hackers, they carry out vulnerability assessments and penetration tests (which shall be explained in detail in subsequent chapters).You are taking this crash course to become a White hat or ethical hacker. You will learn the skills and have the ability to gain access to computer and network systems to identify and fix we...

In this chapter we will give you a general idea about what hacking really is and then move on to look into the classification of different kinds of hackers.In its most elemental form, hacking can be defined as the process of ascertaining and the subsequent exploitation of the various shortfalls and weaknesses in a computer system or a network of such computer systems. This exploitation may take the form of accessing and stealing of information,altering the configuration, changing the structural picture of the computer system and so on. The whole spectrum of hacking is not something that is found only in the developed countries. In fact,with the kind of advancement that has been witnessed in the field of information technology during the last two decades, it should not come as a surprise that many of the most tenacious communities of hackers are based in the developing countries of South and South-East Asia.There is so much of smoke screen and ambiguity in the world of hackers that it i...

COMPUTER ABBREVIATIONS SET A AAC: Advanced Audio Coding. ABI: Application Binary Interface. AHA: Accelerated Hub Architecture. ALGOL: Algorithmic Language. AJAX: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. ABR: Available Bit Rate. AD: Active Directory. ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter/Apple Display  Connector (DVI Variant). ALU: Arithmetic Logical Unit. AMD: Advanced Micro Devices. AMR: Audio Modern Riser. APCI: Application – Layer Protocol Control Information. ASP: Application Service Provider/Active Server  Pages.  AST: Abstract Syntax Tree.  ATA: Advanced Technology Attachment.  API: Application Programming Interface.  AVC: Advanced Video Coding.  AVI: Audio-Video Interleaved.  AWT: Abstract Window ToolKit.  ARPANET: Advanced Research Projects Agency  Network.  ASCII: American Standard Code for Information  Interchange.  ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode COMPUTER ABBREVIATIONS SET - B   BAL: Basic Assembly Language.  BER: Bit Error Rate.  BFD: Binary File Des...